Recent archeological discoveries in China may lead to fresh look at Silk Road history. Wang Kaihao reports.
Many archaeological discoveries in China last year have shed a new light on the history of the Silk Road and have the potential to trigger the rewriting of textbooks.
Hundreds of years ago, Chinese traders used overland and marine routes to trade silk and porcelain. In 2014, the discovery of a major porcelain kiln in coastal Zhejiang province's Shangyu city suggested the Maritime Silk Road, which is generally considered to have reached its peak during the Song Dynasty (960-1279), could actually have developed earlier- in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220). Liu Qingzhu, academic director for the Institute of Archeology, affiliated to think-tank Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, is among the experts who believe this was the case.
The Shangyu site is on the 2014 Top 10 archeological discoveries' list that was unveiled by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage last week in Beijing. "The world has talked about Chinese porcelain for centuries, but where was it born?
Discovery of the celadon kiln offers important clues," Liu tells China Daily. "It could be a possible origin for China's mature ceramics industry."
Since 1990, China Cultural Relics News, an arm of the above administration, has organised an annual poll, dubbed by media as "the Academy Awards of Chinese archeology".
Last year, 25 items of archeological importance entered the final round of appraisal after months of selection processes that involved a 21-member panel of experts, including Liu, and public surveys. The Top 10 list was then compiled.
Gold cup with sacred animals [Photo provided to China Daily]
In the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, a Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 386-534) tomb that was discovered last year also provided hints of a "grassland Silk Road", a scholastic term to describe the frequent exchanges among different civilizations along the trade route across the Mongolian grasslands and the Gobi Desert.
That dynasty was made of the nomadic Xianbei people, who according to scholars encouraged free mixing among different ethnic groups at the time. Articles including glass vessels from the Roman Empire, religious artifacts from Central Asia and silverware from West Asia, were found among the relics.
"It reflects the inclusive nature of Chinese civilization," Liu says, adding that it is among the most important archeological findings in China's northern borders in recent times.
The discovery of a tomb complex in Ngari in the Tibet autonomous region, unveiled the previously unknown ancient state of Xiangxiong, thought to have existed during the Han Dynasty. "Surprisingly, the cultural relics unearthed in the tombs are more from Central Asia than from adjacent India," Liu says, adding that it opened more possibilities for Silk Road linkages.
"Some voids in historical studies of Tibet are also filled," he says. The Silk Road remains a hot topic for public discussion in today's China, where government efforts are being made to establish closer cooperation with countries along the ancient routes.
Another tomb complex found in Zunyi, Guizhou province, seemed to show it belonged to a tribal chieftain's family from the Bozhou regime. "The relics are uncommonly well-preserved," says Wang Wei, director of Archeological Society of China. "Technically advanced methods in labs are also used during the research. It allows archeologists to scrutinize details, which can sometimes be missed outdoors."
Wang, also a member of the judging panel, adds that with the discoveries a new trend in Chinese archeology is emerging. Previously, the country's archeologists tended to neglect relics after the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907).
Gold earrring [Photo provided to China Daily] "
We even once considered that there was no top-level discovery in these relatively recent dynasties. However, as our research expands to more areas, this has proved to be wrong. Relatively new relics can be equally significant for their closer relations to today's customs and cultures in those areas," Wang says.
The Dazhuangke mining and metallurgy relics of the Liao Dynasty (916-1125) in Beijing's Yanqing county, provided important leads to the development of Chinese handicraft industry.
Interestingly, since 1991 and until this year, the Chinese capital hadn't been able to place any of its discoveries on the top list. A highly expected candidate from the Palace Museum－the discovery of constructional foundation of Ming imperial palaces－failed to make it to the Top 10.
"The project is still at an early stage. It's worthwhile to expect more discoveries and solid proofs," Wang says of the Beijing site.
At a glance Top 10 list of new archeological discoveries in China in 2014 (chronological order):
1.Modaoshan and Nanjiang relics from the Paleolithic age, Yunan county, Guangdong province.
2. Dongzhao relics from the Xia Dynasty (21st-16th century BC), Zhengzhou, Henan province.
3. Guojiamiao ancient Zeng state tomb from the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), Zaoyang, Hubei province.
4. Dabona Tomb from 2,500 to 2,000 years ago, Xiangyun county, Yunnan province.
5. Jinshan porcelain kiln relics from the Eastern Han (AD 25-220) to Western Jin Dynasty (AD 265-319), Shangyu, Zhejiang province.
6. Ancient Xiangxiong state tomb complex from approximately 1,700 years ago, Ngari prefecture, the Tibet autonomous region.
7. Ih Nuur tomb complex from the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 386-534), Zhengxiangbai banner, the Inner Mongolia autonomous region.
8. Huiluo and Liyang Granaries relics from the Sui Dynasty (AD 581-618), Luoyang, Henan province.
9. Dazhuangke mining and metallurgy relics from the Liao Dynasty (916-1125), Yanqing county, Beijing.
10. Tusi Yang's clan tomb complex relics from Song (960-1279) to Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Zunyi, Guizhou province.
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