From the Huns to the Turks. Mounted Warriors in Europe and Central Asia

International Conference

25- 26 April 2108

RGZM | Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum

 
im Kurfürstlichen Schloss
Ernst-Ludwig-Platz 2
55116 Mainz

Conference Programme (PDF)

Poster (PDF)

INFORMATION / CONTACT

Jessica Schmidt M.A.
jessica.schmidt@rgzm.de
T: +49 (0) 6131 / 9124-162

The European self-perception is mainly based on the «old world», the Greek and Roman cultures of the Mediterranean, which interacted with the ones in the North. In fact, however, Europe has always been in close contact with the Eurasian steppe region, and thus received critical stimuli, technologies and goods of all kinds. Time and again, powerful confederations of equestrian warriors also came to the West, settling here and establishing contacts with European polities. While the «empires» of the Bulgarians, Hungarians and Turks slowly became medieval and early modern states, the Sarmatians, Huns, Avars or Mongols disappeared from the map. 

The conference will focus on the horse-powered polities that came from the East to the environs of Europe between the 4th and 15th century, including the Eurasian peoples who directly or indirectly initiated migrations and military expeditions to Europe. The conference aims to identify typical constellations and processes, but also significant differences among the various tribal federations. Some presentations are dedicated to a specific people, others are devoted to overarching topics. The conference is organised by the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz in cooperation with the Institute for Medieval Research of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna.
  

Wednesday, 25th April

9.30–9.40 h

Welcome and Introduction Falko Daim

Chair: Walter Pohl

9.40–10.20 h

Jan Bemmann (Bonn) 
Climate Change, Natural Disasters and their Impact on Nomadic Polities
  

Huns

10.20–11.00 h

Khodadat Rezakhani (Princeton) 
On the Fringes of the Eurasian Steppe: Horses and Warriors in the World of the ‘Iranische Hunnen’

11.00–11.30 h
COFFEE BREAK

11.30–12.10 h

Timo Stickler (Jena) 
The Impact of the Huns on the Politics of the Late Roman Empire and vice versa
  

Alans

12.10–12.50 h

Richard Foltz (Montreal) 
The Caucasian Alans between Byzantine Christianity and traditional Paganism

13.00-14.30 h
LUNCH BREAK
  

Chair: Neslihan Asutay-Effenberger

Avars

14.30–15.10 h

Walter Pohl (Wien) 
The Avars in a Central Eurasian Perspective

15.10–15.50 h

Tivadar Vida (Budapest) 
The Settling of the Carpathian Basin by Mounted Warriors in the Avar Period and the Structure of their Power

16.00–16.30 h
COFFEE BREAK

16.30–17.10 h

Gergely Csiky (Budapest) 
The Transformation of Horse Riding in the Steppes during the 1st Millennium AD – Considerations on the Spread of Stirrups in Eurasia

17.10–17.50 h

Falko Daim (Mainz - Wien) 
When Cultures meet: Moving Things, changing Motifs
  

Bulgars

17.50–18.30 h

Panos Sophoulis (Sofia) 
The Bulgar Paradox: A Horse powered (?) Elite in the Balkans

19.00 h
Reception for Speakers and Guests
  

Thursday, 26th April 

Chair: Falko Daim

9.30–10.10 h

Johannes Preiser-Kapeller (Wien) 
Capitals and imperial Landscapes of Steppe Empires in medieval Eurasia
  

Khazars

10.10–10.50 h

Nick Evans (Cambridge) 
The Womb of Iron and Silver: Slavery in the Khazar Economy

11.00–11.30 h
COFFEE BREAK
  

Hungarians

11.30–12.10 h

Stefan Albrecht (Mainz) 
The Hungarian Invasions as an common European Trauma

12.10–12.50 h

Adam Bollók (Budapest) 
From "Steppe State" to Christian Kingdom, from Árpád's People to national Ancestors

13.00–14.30 h
LUNCH BREAK
  

Turks in Central Asia and in Anatolia

Chair: Johannes Preiser-Kapeller

14.30–15.10 h

Neslihan Asutay-Effenberger (Berlin – Bochum) 
The „Turkish Triangle“. From the static Element of the Seljuks to the Ornament in Byzantine Art

15.10–15.50 h

Sören Stark (New York) 
Inner Asian Nomadic Elites of the 5th-6th Centuries CE. An old archaeological Puzzle in the Light of recent Discoveries

15.50–16.30 h

Rustam Shukurov (Moskau) 
Becoming a Roman: Barbarians as a Source of Manpower in Byzantium in the 11th–14th Centuries

16.30–17.00 h
COFFEE BREAK

17.00–17.40 h

Matteo Compareti (Beijing) 
Huns and Turks in "Sino-Sogdian" Funerary Monuments and Sogdian Paintings
 

Mongols

17.40–18.20 h

Marie Favereau (Oxford) 
The Mediterranean and the Steppe: The Integration of the Italian Traders into the Golden Horde

Closing Remarks: Walter Pohl 

18. 30 h
END OF THE CONFERENCE

A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia

Volume II: Inner Eurasia from the Mongol Empire to Today, 1260 - 2000

by David Christian

• Paperback: 656 pages
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell (2 Mar. 2018)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0631210393

Beginning with the breakup of the Mongol Empire in the mid–thirteenth century, Volume II of this comprehensive work covers the remarkable history of Inner Eurasia, from 1260 up to modern times, completing the story begun in Volume I. Volume II describes how agriculture spread through Inner Eurasia, providing the foundations for new agricultural states, including the Russian Empire. It focuses on the idea of mobilization the distinctive ways in which elite groups mobilized resources from their populations, and how those methods were shaped by the region's distinctive ecology, which differed greatly from that of Outer Eurasia, the southern half of Eurasia and the part of Eurasia most studied by historians. This work also examines how fossil fuels created a bonanza of energy that helped shape the history of the Communist world during much of the twentieth century.

Filled with figures, maps, and tables to help give readers a fuller understanding of what has transpired over 750 years in this distinctive world region, A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia: Volume II: Inner Eurasia from the Mongol Empire to Today, 1260–2000 is a magisterial but accessible account of this area s past, that will offer readers new insights into the history of an often misunderstood part of the world.

• Situates the histories of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia within the larger narrative of world history
• Concentrates on the idea of Inner Eurasia as a coherent ecological and geographical zone
• Focuses on the powerful ways in which the region's geography shaped its history
• Places great emphasis on how mobilization played a major part in the development of the regions
• Offers a distinctive interpretation of modernity that highlights the importance of fossil fuels
• Offers new ways of understanding the Soviet era

A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia: Volume II is an ideal book for general audiences and for use in undergraduate and graduate courses in world history. 

Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire

2nd Edition, Kindle Edition

by Paul D. Buell and Francesca Fiaschetti 

Format: Kindle Edition File Size: 6012 KB Print Length: 421 pages Source ISBN: 1538111365 Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; 2 edition (15 April 2018) Language: English The Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire examines the history of the Mongol Empire, the pre-imperial era of Mongolian history that preceded it, and the various Mongol successor states that continued to dominate Eurasia long after the breakdown of Mongol unity. This second edition contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 900 cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture of the Mongol Empire. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about the Mongol Empire.

The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410

by Peter Jackson

• Paperback: 452 pages
• Publisher: Routledge; 2nd edition (16 Mar. 2018)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1138848484

The Mongols and the West provides a comprehensive survey of relations between the Catholic West and the Mongol Empire from the first appearance of Chinggis (Genghis) Khan’s armies on Europe’s horizons in 1221 to the battle of Tannenberg in 1410. This book has been designed to provide a synthesis of previous scholarship on relations between the Mongols and the Catholic world as well as to offer new approaches and conclusions on the subject. It considers the tension between Western hopes of the Mongols as allies against growing Muslim powers and the Mongols’ position as conquerors with their own agenda, and evaluates the impact of Mongol-Western contacts on the West’s expanding knowledge of the world. 

This second edition takes into account the wealth of scholarly literature that has emerged in the years since the previous edition and contains significantly extended chapters on trade and mission. It charts the course of military confrontation and diplomatic relations between the Mongols and the West, and re-examines the commercial opportunities offered to Western merchants by Mongol rule and the failure of Catholic missionaries to convert the Mongols to Christianity. 

Fully revised and containing a range of maps, genealogical tables and both European and non-European sources throughout, The Mongols and the West is ideal for students of medieval European history and the crusades.

Islamic Chinoiserie: The Art of Mongol Iran

by Yuka Kadoi

• 
  
• Paperback: 304 pages
• Publisher: Edinburgh University Press; Reprint edition (30 April 2018)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1474437206

The Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century marked a new phase in the development of Islamic art. Trans-Eurasian exchanges of goods, people and ideas were encouraged on a large scale under the auspices of the Pax Mongolica. With the fascination of portable objects brought from China and Central Asia, a distinctive, hitherto unknown style - Islamic chinoiserie - was born in the art of Iran. Highly illustrated, Islamic Chinoiserie offers a fascinating glimpse into the artistic interaction between Iran and China under the Mongols. By using rich visual materials from various media of decorative and pictorial arts - textiles, ceramics, metalwork and manuscript painting - the book illustrates the process of adoption and adaptation of Chinese themes in the art of Mongol-ruled Iran in a visually compelling way. The observation of this unique artistic phenomenon serves to promote the understanding of the artistic diversity of Islamic art in the Middle Ages.

Key Features 

• Covers various media of decorative and pictorial arts from Iran, Central Asia and China Deals with a diverse range of issues related to the East-West artistic relationship in the Middle Ages 
• Features in-depth studies of style, technique and iconography in Iranian art under the Mongols 
• Includes 125 illustrations, 24 in colour

Violence in Islamic Thought from the Mongols to European Imperialism

(Legitimate and Illegitimate Violence in Islamic Thought) Hardcover – 30 Apr 2018

by Robert G leave & Istvan Kristo-Nagy 

• Hardcover: 256 pages
• Publisher: Edinburgh University Press (30 April 2018)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1474413005

Examines the development of Muslim theological, legal, literary and cultural discussions about violence and its legitimation

The violent conquest of the eastern part of the lands under Muslim rule by the Mongols marked a new period in the history of Islamic civilisation and in attitudes towards violence. This volume examines the various intellectual and cultural reactions of Muslim thinkers to these events, both within and without the territories subjected to Mongol control. Each chapter examines how violent acts were assessed by Muslim intellectuals, analysing both changes and continuity within Islamic thought over time.

Each chapter is structured around a case study in which violent acts are justified or condemned, revealing the variety of attitudes to violence in the medieval period. They are framed by a detailed introduction, focusing on theoretical perspectives on violence and religion and their application, or otherwise, to medieval Islam.

Key Features

• Examines the portrayal of violence in a variety of Muslim intellectual contexts (historical, philosophical, theological, legal, literary, artistic)
• Employs a broad understanding of violence – from warfare between Muslims (and between Muslims and others) to individual acts of violence
• Enables a better-informed debate about the nature of violence in Islamic thought, and how the positions developed in early Islam were both used and abandoned by later writers
• Positions these classical conceptions of violence and its justification in Islamic thought in the broader methodological debate over violence and its relationship with religious thought

In the Wake of the Mongols

The Making of a New Social Order in North China, 1200–1600

by Jinping Wang

• Hardcover: 370 pages
• Publisher: Harvard University Press (1 Nov. 2018)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0674987152

The Mongol conquest of north China between 1211 and 1234 inflicted terrible wartime destruction, wiping out more than one-third of the population and dismantling the existing social order. In the Wake of the Mongols recounts the riveting story of how northern Chinese men and women adapted to these trying circumstances and interacted with their alien Mongol conquerors to create a drastically new social order. To construct this story, the book uses a previously unknown source of inscriptions recorded on stone tablets.

Jinping Wang explores a north China where Mongol patrons, Daoist priests, Buddhist monks, and sometimes single women--rather than Confucian gentry--exercised power and shaped events, a portrait that upends the conventional view of imperial Chinese society. Setting the stage by portraying the late Jin and closing by tracing the Mongol period's legacy during the Ming dynasty, she delineates the changing social dynamics over four centuries in the northern province of Shanxi, still a poorly understood region.

Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors

(Oxford Studies in Early Empires) Paperback – 1 Jun 2018

by Jonathan Karam Skaff

• Paperback: 432 pages
• Publisher: OUP USA; Reprint edition (1 Jun. 2018)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0190886978

Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors challenges readers to reconsider China's relations with the rest of Eurasia. Investigating interstate competition and cooperation between the successive Sui and Tang dynasties and Turkic states of Mongolia from 580 to 800, Jonathan Skaff upends the notion that inhabitants of China and Mongolia were irreconcilably different and hostile to each other. Rulers on both sides deployed strikingly similar diplomacy, warfare, ideologies of rulership, and patrimonial political networking to seek hegemony over each other and the peoples living in the pastoral borderlands between them. The book particularly disputes the supposed uniqueness of imperial China's tributary diplomacy by demonstrating that similar customary norms of interstate relations existed in a wide sphere in Eurasia as far west as Byzantium, India, and Iran. These previously unrecognized cultural connections, therefore, were arguably as much the work of Turko-Mongol pastoral nomads traversing the Eurasian steppe as the more commonly recognized Silk Road monks and merchants. This interdisciplinary and multi-perspective study will appeal to readers of comparative and world history, especially those interested in medieval warfare, diplomacy, and cultural studies.

"The Silk Road of the Middle East" , lecture 21 February 2018 by Peter Frankopan

Masterclass Middle East
Geopolitics in Europe's Neighbourhood THE SILK ROAD OF THE MIDDLE EAST By Professor Peter Frankopan (Oxford University) Introduction by Professor Caroline Pauwels, Rector VUB Residence Palace - International Press Centre | 21. february 2018

Alexander the Great in the Persian Tradition by Haila Manteghi

Hardcover – 30 Jan 2018

by Haila Manteghi 

• Hardcover: 304 pages
• Publisher: I.B.Tauris (30 Jan. 2018)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1788310306

Alexander the Great (356-333 BC) was transformed into a legend by all those he met, leaving an enduring tradition of romances across the world. Aside from its penetration into every language of medieval Europe, the Alexander romance arguably had its greatest impact in the Persian language.Haila Manteghi here offers a complete survey of that deep tradition, ranging from analysis of classical Persian poetry to popular romances and medieval Arabic historiography. She explores how the Greek work first entered the Persian literary tradition and traces the development of its influence, before revealing the remarkable way in which Alexander became as central to the Persian tradition as any other hero or king. And, importantly, by focusing on the often-overlooked early medieval Persian period, she also demonstrates that a positive view of Alexander developed in Arabic and Persian literature before the Islamic era. Drawing on an impressive range of sources in various languages - including Persian, Arabic and Greek - Manteghi provides a profound new contribution to the study of the Alexander romances.Beautifully written and with vibrant literary motifs, this book is important reading for all those with an interest in Alexander, classical and medieval Persian history, the early Islamic world and classical reception studies.

Uzbekistan Uncovered: Life Along the Ancient Silk Road

Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and the Soviet Union all, at various points in history, claimed dominion over Uzbekistan, and traces of their influence can still be seen today. This is a land of tiled cities, empty stretches of desert, and bazaars full of textiles and ceramics. Take a tour of daily life in this culturally rich land, and see for yourself why you want to uncover Uzbekistan.

Empires of Ancient Eurasia: The First Silk Roads Era, 100 BCE – 250 CE by Craig Benjamin

 

(New Approaches to Asian History) Hardcover – 30 Apr 2018

by Craig Benjamin

• Hardcover: 250 pages
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press; 1 edition (30 April 2018)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1107114969

The Silk Roads are the symbol of the interconnectedness of ancient Eurasian civilizations. Using challenging land and maritime routes, merchants and adventurers, diplomats and missionaries, sailors and soldiers, and camels, horses and ships, carried their commodities, ideas, languages and pathogens enormous distances across Eurasia. The result was an underlying unity that traveled the length of the routes, and which is preserved to this day, expressed in common technologies, artistic styles, cultures and religions, and even disease and immunity patterns. In words and images, Craig Benjamin explores the processes that allowed for the comingling of so many goods, ideas, and diseases around a geographical hub deep in central Eurasia. He argues that the first Silk Roads era was the catalyst for an extraordinary increase in the complexity of human relationships and collective learning, a complexity that helped drive our species inexorably along a path towards modernity.

The vital role by Buddhist pilgrim-monks in conveying Buddhist kingship via artistic communication

Buddhist Pilgrim-Monks as Agents of Cultural and Artistic Transmission

by Dorothy Wong

• Hardcover: 300 pages
• Publisher: NUS Press (30 May 2018)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 9814722596

In the mid-seventh century, a class of Buddhist pilgrim-monks disseminated an art style in China, Japan, and Korea that was uniform in both iconography and formal properties. Traveling between the courts and religious centers of the region, these pilgrim-monks played a powerful role in this proto-cosmopolitanism, promulgating what came to be known as the International Buddhist Art Style. 
In Buddhist Pilgrim-Monks as Agents of Cultural and Artistic Transmission, Dorothy C. Wong argues that the visual expression found in this robust new art style arose alongside the ascendant theory of the Buddhist state, and directly influenced it. Aided by lavish illustrations, Wong's book shows that the visual language transmitted and circulated by these pilgrim-monks served as a key agent in shaping the cultural landscape of Northeast Asia. 
This is the first major study of the vital role played by Buddhist pilgrim-monks in conveying the notions of Buddhist kingship via artistic communication. Wong's interdisciplinary analysis will attract scholars in Asian art history and religious studies.

Archaeology in Eurasia - First International Meeting of Young Researchers- Bonn, March 22-24, 2018

March 2018, Bonn University, Senate Hall

In Germany, as in many western countries, there are no professor positions at universities devoted specifically to Archaeology of Central and Inner Asia (this includes Russia mainly Siberia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, Dzungaria, Xingjian, Tibet, Manchuria). Moreover, the current number of scholars focusing on these regions is not large, and they are spread all over Europe and beyond often without the chance to discuss questions with other scholars who work in the same regions. The purpose of this gathering is to help young researchers tap into these existing, though thin, networks and to build new networks of their own with others who work in regions of Eurasia east of the Ural Mountains. 

Organized by: 

Prehistorical and Early Historical Archaeology at Bonn University, Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Jan Bemmann 

Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI), Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Svend Hansen

The Universal History of Step'anos Tarōnec'i

Introduction, Translation, and Commentary

Tim Greenwood

• Hardcover: 376 pages
• Publisher: OUP Oxford (15 Jun. 2017)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0198792514

Oxford Studies in Byzantium

• Presents the first ever English translation of this work, correlated with both the 1885 and 2012 Armenian critical editions for ease of reference
• Contains extensive and detailed annotation, discussing key aspects of the text and guiding readers to up-to-date scholarship as well as incorporating previously untranslated epigraphic evidence
• Offers new insights into Step'anos' historical and intellectual contexts as well as a study of the transmission and reception of the text in a substantial introduction

The Universal History (Patmut),iwn tiezerakan) of Step),anos Tarōnec),i is a history of the world in three books, composed by the Armenian scholar at the end of the tenth century and extending from the era of Abraham to the turn of the first millennium. It was completed in 1004/5 CE, at a time when the Byzantine Empire was expanding eastwards across the districts of historic Armenia and challenging key aspects of Armenian identity. Step),anos responded to these changing circumstances by looking to the past and fusing Armenian tradition with Persian, Roman, and Islamic history, thereby asserting that Armenia had a prominent and independent place in world history. The Universal History was intended to affirm and reinforce Armenian cultural memory. As well as assembling and revising extracts from existing Armenian texts, Step),anos also visited monastic communities where he learned about prominent Armenian scholars and ascetics who feature in his construction of the Armenian past. During his travels he gathered stories about local Armenian, Georgian, Persian, and Kurdish lords, which were then repeated in his composition. The Universal Historytherefore preserves a valuable narrative of events in Byzantium, Armenia, and the wider Middle East in the second half of the tenth century. 

An Armenian-Kurdish battle from the 10th century

Medieval Warfare magazine

This entry was posted on March 11, 2018 by Peter Konieczny.

Medieval historians will be interested in a newly translated primary source: The Universal History of Step'anos Tarōnec'i. Edited and translated by Tim Greenwood, it is a history of the world from ancient times to about the year 1005. Step'anos Tarōnec'i was an Armenia Medieval historians will be interested in a newly translated primary source: The Universal History of Step'anos Tarōnec'i. Edited and translated by Tim Greenwood, it is a history of the world from ancient times to about the year 1005. Step'anos Tarōnec'i was an Armenian scholar interested in examining the role of his own country in the wider world. The Byzantines, Arabs and Persians all had interests in the Caucasus region, and Step'anos’ chronicle offers a lot of material relating to these medieval peoples as well as his own.

15th century map of Armenia and the Caucasus region

One of the final sections of this chronicle details the Battle of Aphahunk, which took place in the year 998. During the 990s David III Kuropalates, the Armenian ruler of a principality known as Tao, had been expanding his power, and this would lead to a confrontation with a Kurdish dynasty known as the Rawadids.

According to Step'anos, the Rawadid ruler Mamlan I decided to launch a raid into David’s lands in retaliation for the destruction of a mosque in the city of Manzakert. From his capital city of Tabriz, the Rawadids gathered “a massive army" of Persians and descended on the district of Aphahunk, now part of eastern Turkey. In response, David recruited his kinsmen and allies - the Kings of Armenia and Iberia (present-day Georgia) to send him 6000 troops each. The ruler of Tao then gave command of this joint army to one of his underlings because, according to Step'anos, “he was an old man and advanced in years.”

The chronicler then explains that when the Armenian-Iberian army reached Aphahunk they established a camp on a “rocky outcrop” suitable for a defensie stand. There they remained for many days, while the Rawadids were nearby. Step'anos writes:

When the forces of the Persians realized that they did not want voluntarily to come down to them [to do] battle, and especially when they realized their lack of numbers in comparison to their own multitude, on the first day of of the month of are, a Monday [18 October 998], towards dawn, they rose and set out a formation in a complicated disposition; they fashioned a battle-line across the face of the broad plain employing a Dalmastanean shield-wall. They went and drew near to the hill of the camp of the Armenians and Iberians. The sight of them was reckoned terrible in terms of its multitude by the onlookers; their number was reckoned to be 100,000 Persian infantry and cavalry. They gave a shout to prepare for battle and advance to the arena and to the place of encounter. The forces of Armenians and Iberians were afraid and sent [to them], ‘Let us do battle not today, but on another day.’ Then the Persians boasted arrogantly and sent messengers to them, ‘Willingly or unwillingly, let us engage today.’

Despite the challenge, only a few soldiers from the Armenian-Iberian side came down to engage in single combat, with five Iberians being killed. However, it seems that discipline within the Rawadid forces broke down, as they started to abandon their battle-line to attack the enemy camp. “Each one galloped and charged in order to plunder booty and pillage, as if ransacking corpses or refugees,” writes Step'anos.

In the next section, the chronicler describes how the Armenians and Iberians defended themselves, although the account seems to pivot to a more literary retelling:

They were organized not according to the formation of a line of battle, but everyone charged by family and seniority of contingents, roaring like lions, towards the forested multitude of the army of the Persians. They veered in attack against the right side; the Armenian force charged against the great crowd of people inflicting numerous wounds and striking deadly and deep sword-blows, they turned the savage barbarians with cruel thrusts. The Kamrakelk, the celebrated Mesxuni brothers, of the Iberian army struck with powerful strength, destroying either the cavalryman or the horse cut in two. Out of fear of them, they [the Persians] became scattered and they happened to encounter the whole force of Tayk’ stretched out; they scattered their corpses dead underneath their feet, the horses following this same example; like a fire kindled in forests or like eagles swiftly pouncing on startled flocks of birds. Here one could see streams of blood that became channels, and rivers were flowing, the corpses stretched out and the half-dead fallen among the dead.

At this point Mamlan retreated with his remaining forces, while the Armenians and Iberians pursued the fleeing troops until sunset. The Rawadid camp was also thoroughly plundered, and Step'anos concludes his account of the battle by noting:

The joy was even greater because, apart from the first five men who had died from the force of Iberia in single combat, no one else had been struck with a sword and no one was found dead out of all the multitude of Armenians and Iberians.

The Universal History of Step'anos Tarōnec'i, translated by Tim Greenwood is published by Oxford University Press. This is the first ever English translation of this work Click here to visit the publisher’s website to learn more about the book.

Want to learn more about warfare at the end of 10th century? Check out Georgios Theotokis' article 'Byzantines and Fatimids at war: The battles of the Orontes and Apamea' in Medieval Warfare VII:2.

Lecture by Valerie Hansen: "The World in the Year 1000: The View from Dunhuang"

The World in the Year 1000: The View from Dunhuang

July 24, 2016

In the year 1000, dramatic cultural and political changes were underway in major regions of the world, including East and Central Asia. At Dunhuang, this was when the Library Cave (Cave 17) was sealed. Using the cave's contents as clues—some 40,000 objects, including manuscripts on spiritual, medical, philosophical and mundane matters, as well as paintings and textiles—Valerie Hansen, professor of history at Yale University, reconstructed the larger historical context of the Library Cave, the Thousand Buddha caves at Mogao, and city of Dunhuang, and the surrounding region.

About the Presenter

Valerie Hansen is professor of history at Yale, where she teaches Chinese and world history. Her current research examines the interconnected world of the year 1000, exploring the goods, people, and ideas that traveled from one region to another in a time with no mechanized transport. Her most recent publication is The Silk Road: A New History—for which she received the 2013 International Convention of Asia Scholars Book Prize Reading Committee Accolade for the best teaching tool in the Humanities. Her other publications include, The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600; Negotiating Daily Life in Traditional China, Changing Gods in Medieval China, 1127-1279; and Voyages in World History (co-authored with Kenneth R. Curtis).

This lecture series was made possible by the generous support of Mr. Andrew Cherng and Dr. Peggy Cherng, the Panda Restaurant Group, Inc.

Related lectures:

• Heaven and Hell on the Silk Road
• The Diamond Sutra: A Story of Printing, Piety, and Preservation on the Silk Road
• The Care of Time and the Dimensions of Conservation at the Mogao Grottoes

This lecture complemented the exhibition, Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Buddhist Art on China's Silk Road.